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CYBER SECURITY TIPS in HINDI

ये पोस्ट मेरी टुकड़ों में लिखी गई जानकारी का संग्रह है यदि पढ़ने वाले के कुछ काम आ जाये तो मेरी मेहनत सफल हो जाएगी, यह लेख निरंतर अपडेट किया जायेगा।क्योंकि बातें टुकड़ों में ही ध्यान आती है।

एक विनम्र निवेदन 

* कृपया फेसबुक पर अपनी पोस्ट स्वयं लिखकर पोस्ट करें। कापी पेस्ट न करें।आपके व्यस्त रहने से मुझे कोई शिकायत नहीं है। भगवान की कसम।यह जानकारी नीलाम्बर द्वारा बांटी जा रही है ।खुद टाइप करके।

* किसी भी तिसरे दल (थर्ड पार्टी) द्वारा बनाये गये एप या वेबसाइट का प्रयोग स्वयं सावधानी से करें एवं किसी अन्य से शेयर न करें न ही किसी को टैग करें।अपनी जानकारी थर्ड पार्टी को देना खतरनाक साबित हो रहा है। आपकी किसी भी सहमति का अर्थ आपका डाटा बेस शेयर करना है इसे समझ लें।डाटा बेस मतलब फेसबुक पर आपकी लगभग सारी जानकारी एवं आपसे जुडे लोगों की जानकारी जैसे आपकी फोटो, अपडेट, पोस्ट, जन्म तिथि, पता, इत्यादि। ध्यान दें इनमें से कुछ जानकारी से ही नया सिम लिया जा सकता है बैंक अकाउंट खुलवाया जा सकता है।{ यह जानकारी नीलाम्बर द्वारा बांटी जा रही है- बीच -बीच में यह लाइन लिखी मिले तो देख लें कापी पेस्ट है या बांटने वाले ने खुद मेहनत की है, कुछ मात्राएं जानबूझकर गलत हैं}

दोस्ती विश्वास पर आधारित होती है कृपया विश्वास भंग न करें।

* आप पिछले जनम में कुकुर थे या मनुष्य इस बात को जानने से क्या होगा । इस जनम में मनुष्य बनने का प्रयास करें। इस दुनिया में बहुत से लोगों का चेहरा आपस में मिलता जुलता है परन्तु यकीन किजिये आपसे सुन्दर और स्मार्ट कोई नहीं है। भविष्यवाणी करने वाले की कसम।

* किसी दूसरे के बनाये फेसबुक पेज को लाइक करने से पहले क्या आप उसके निर्माता को वेरिफाइ करते हैं या उस पेज के बारे में जानकारी जुटाते हैं।यदि नहीं तो आप खतरे में हैं।

* किसी भी चुनाव के बारे में चर्चा करते समय कृपया ध्यान रखें यह आपके जीवन मरण का प्रशन नहीं है। कोई व्यक्ति चमत्कारी नहीं है जैसा कि कुछ लोग दावा करते हैं कोई तारणहार नहीं हैं, कोई पूरी तरह बेवकूफ नहीं हैं, ULTIMATE जैसी कोई चिज नहीं होती।

* कृपया अपने स्मार्ट फोन पर एप डाउनलोड करने में सावधानी रखें, याद रखें आपका फोन स्मार्ट है, आप उसकी टक्कर में स्मार्ट हैं या नहीं स्वयं को परख लें।स्मार्ट का एक अर्थ चालू भी होता है, चालू लोग कैसे होते हैं आपको पता है। आंग्ल भाषा से नफरत न करें क्योंकि अधिकांश ठगी के संदेश उसी भाषा में होते हैं। 

* कृपया अनजाने लिंक शेयर न करें। क्योंकि क्लिक करते ही ये सामने वाले का नुकसान कार सकते हैं।

* खुद भी अनजान लिंक पर क्लिक न करें।

* ध्यान दें youtube ki link youtu.be, you.tube.***, yo.utbe*com, जैसी नही हो सकती।

* ये लिंक डाटा चोरी करने वाले third Party की वेब साइट से पैदा किये जाते हैं, जैसे ही आप इन पर क्लिक करेंगें ये आपके/ अर्थात आपके कंप्यूटर की सारी जानकारी जैसे की IP, mac number, mobile number, email id , other browser information , browsing history etc. ले जाकर third party के सर्वर में जमा करते हैं फिर आपको उस साइट पर ले जाते हैं जहाँ का ये लिंक है।

* अगर आखरी पांइट समझ में नहीं आया तो समझ लें आप अपना बहुत कुछ बांट चुके हैं। यह जानकारी नीलाम्बर द्वारा बांटी जा रही है।

* https://cscagim.blogspot.in/…/cyber-security-tips-in-hindi.… 

लिंक के बारे में मैंने पार्ट-3 में बताया था उसे एक उदाहरण से समझाना चाहता हूँ ऊपर लिखा लिंक मेरे SCIENCE BLOG का है, इसमें वेबसाइट/या ब्लाग का पता पहले होता है https://cscagim.blogspot.in/ 

फिर वर्ष /2018/ 

फिर पोस्ट संख्या /05/ 

फिर पोस्ट का शिर्षक /cyber-security-tips-in-hindi/ 
उसके बाद (.)से अलग करके html [यह सामान्यत: पेज जिस कंप्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा में लिखी गई है उसका द्योतक होता है]
उम्मीद है यह विवरण तथ्यों को समझने में सहायक होगा ।

(स्मार्ट फोन की permission SETTING)

* कृपया अपने स्मार्ट फोन की परमिशन की जाँच करें कि किन-किन एप्स को आपने किस काम की अनुमति दी है।अनुमति/permission को पुन: सेट कर लें अपनी सुरक्षा जरुरतों के हिसाब से।

* जिन एप्स का इस्तेमाल पिछले 6 माह या अधिक समय से नहीं किया है और उन्हें आपने डाउनलोड किया है,,, सोच कर देखें क्या वास्तव में आपको उनकी जरुरत हैं ,,,

UNINSTALL सुविधा का इस्तेमाल करें। अनावश्यक के एप्स आपकी डाटा सुरक्षा से समझौता करते हैं।

The Nobel Peace Prize 2017
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2017

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2017 to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). The organization is receiving the award for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons.

We live in a world where the risk of nuclear weapons being used is greater than it has been for a long time. Some states are modernizing their nuclear arsenals, and there is a real danger that more countries will try to procure nuclear weapons, as exemplified by North Korea. Nuclear weapons pose a constant threat to humanity and all life on earth. Through binding international agreements, the international community has previously adopted prohibitions against land mines, cluster munitions and biological and chemical weapons. Nuclear weapons are even more destructive, but have not yet been made the object of a similar international legal prohibition.

Through its work, ICAN has helped to fill this legal gap. An important argument in the rationale for prohibiting nuclear weapons is the unacceptable human suffering that a nuclear war will cause. ICAN is a coalition of non-governmental organizations from around 100 different countries around the globe. The coalition has been a driving force in prevailing upon the world’s nations to pledge to cooperate with all relevant stakeholders in efforts to stigmatise, prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons. To date, 108 states have made such a commitment, known as the Humanitarian Pledge.

Furthermore, ICAN has been the leading civil society actor in the endeavour to achieve a prohibition of nuclear weapons under international law. On 7 July 2017, 122 of the UN member states acceded to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. As soon as the treaty has been ratified by 50 states, the ban on nuclear weapons will enter into force and will be binding under international law for all the countries that are party to the treaty.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee is aware that an international legal prohibition will not in itself eliminate a single nuclear weapon, and that so far neither the states that already have nuclear weapons nor their closest allies support the nuclear weapon ban treaty. The Committee wishes to emphasize that the next steps towards attaining a world free of nuclear weapons must involve the nuclear-armed states. This year’s Peace Prize is therefore also a call upon these states to initiate serious negotiations with a view to the gradual, balanced and carefully monitored elimination of the almost 15,000 nuclear weapons in the world. Five of the states that currently have nuclear weapons – the USA, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China – have already committed to this objective through their accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1970. The Non-Proliferation Treaty will remain the primary international legal instrument for promoting nuclear disarmament and preventing the further spread of such weapons.

It is now 71 years since the UN General Assembly, in its very first resolution, advocated the importance of nuclear disarmament and a nuclear weapon-free world. With this year’s award, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to pay tribute to ICAN for giving new momentum to the efforts to achieve this goal.

The decision to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2017 to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons has a solid grounding in Alfred Nobel’s will. The will specifies three different criteria for awarding the Peace Prize: the promotion of fraternity between nations, the advancement of disarmament and arms control and the holding and promotion of peace congresses. ICAN works vigorously to achieve nuclear disarmament. ICAN and a majority of UN member states have contributed to fraternity between nations by supporting the Humanitarian Pledge. And through its inspiring and innovative support for the UN negotiations on a treaty banning nuclear weapons, ICAN has played a major part in bringing about what in our day and age is equivalent to an international peace congress.

It is the firm conviction of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that ICAN, more than anyone else, has in the past year given the efforts to achieve a world without nuclear weapons a new direction and new vigour.

Oslo, 6 October 2017

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017
Kazuo Ishiguro 

The Permanent Secretary

Press Release
5 October 2017

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017

Kazuo Ishiguro

The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2017 is awarded to the English author Kazuo Ishiguro

"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017
Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young 

 

Press Release

2017-10-02

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award

the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

jointly to

Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young

for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm

Summary

Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of our planet. For many years we have known that living organisms, including humans, have an internal, biological clock that helps them anticipate and adapt to the regular rhythm of the day. But how does this clock actually work? Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young were able to peek inside our biological clock and elucidate its inner workings. Their discoveries explain how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronized with the Earth's revolutions.

Using fruit flies as a model organism, this year's Nobel laureates isolated a gene that controls the normal daily biological rhythm. They showed that this gene encodes a protein that accumulates in the cell during the night, and is then degraded during the day. Subsequently, they identified additional protein components of this machinery, exposing the mechanism governing the self-sustaining clockwork inside the cell. We now recognize that biological clocks function by the same principles in cells of other multicellular organisms, including humans.

With exquisite precision, our inner clock adapts our physiology to the dramatically different phases of the day. The clock regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism. Our wellbeing is affected when there is a temporary mismatch between our external environment and this internal biological clock, for example when we travel across several time zones and experience "jet lag". There are also indications that chronic misalignment between our lifestyle and the rhythm dictated by our inner timekeeper is associated with increased risk for various diseases.

Our inner clock

Most living organisms anticipate and adapt to daily changes in the environment. During the 18th century, the astronomer Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan studied mimosa plants, and found that the leaves opened towards the sun during daytime and closed at dusk. He wondered what would happen if the plant was placed in constant darkness. He found that independent of daily sunlight the leaves continued to follow their normal daily oscillation (Figure 1). Plants seemed to have their own biological clock.

Other researchers found that not only plants, but also animals and humans, have a biological clock that helps to prepare our physiology for the fluctuations of the day. This regular adaptation is referred to as the circadianrhythm, originating from the Latin words circa meaning "around" and diesmeaning "day". But just how our internal circadian biological clock worked remained a mystery.

Figure 1. An internal biological clock. The leaves of the mimosa plant open towards the sun during day but close at dusk (upper part). Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan placed the plant in constant darkness (lower part) and found that the leaves continue to follow their normal daily rhythm, even without any fluctuations in daily light.

Identification of a clock gene

During the 1970's, Seymour Benzer and his student Ronald Konopka asked whether it would be possible to identify genes that control the circadian rhythm in fruit flies. They demonstrated that mutations in an unknown gene disrupted the circadian clock of flies. They named this gene period. But how could this gene influence the circadian rhythm?

This year's Nobel Laureates, who were also studying fruit flies, aimed to discover how the clock actually works. In 1984, Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash, working in close collaboration at Brandeis University in Boston, and Michael Young at the Rockefeller University in New York, succeeded in isolating the period gene. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash then went on to discover that PER, the protein encoded by period, accumulated during the night and was degraded during the day. Thus, PER protein levels oscillate over a 24-hour cycle, in synchrony with the circadian rhythm.

A self-regulating clockwork mechanism

The next key goal was to understand how such circadian oscillations could be generated and sustained. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash hypothesized that the PER protein blocked the activity of the period gene. They reasoned that by an inhibitory feedback loop, PER protein could prevent its own synthesis and thereby regulate its own level in a continuous, cyclic rhythm (Figure 2A).

Figure 2A. A simplified illustration of the feedback regulation of the periodgene. The figure shows the sequence of events during a 24h oscillation. When the period gene is active, period mRNA is made. The mRNA is transported to the cell's cytoplasm and serves as template for the production of PER protein. The PER protein accumulates in the cell's nucleus, where the period gene activity is blocked. This gives rise to the inhibitory feedback mechanism that underlies a circadian rhythm.

The model was tantalizing, but a few pieces of the puzzle were missing. To block the activity of the period gene, PER protein, which is produced in the cytoplasm, would have to reach the cell nucleus, where the genetic material is located. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash had shown that PER protein builds up in the nucleus during night, but how did it get there? In 1994 Michael Young discovered a second clock gene, timeless, encoding the TIM protein that was required for a normal circadian rhythm. In elegant work, he showed that when TIM bound to PER, the two proteins were able to enter the cell nucleus where they blocked period gene activity to close the inhibitory feedback loop (Figure 2B).

Figure 2B. A simplified illustration of the molecular components of the circadian clock.

Such a regulatory feedback mechanism explained how this oscillation of cellular protein levels emerged, but questions lingered. What controlled the frequency of the oscillations? Michael Young identified yet another gene, doubletime, encoding the DBT protein that delayed the accumulation of the PER protein. This provided insight into how an oscillation is adjusted to more closely match a 24-hour cycle.

The paradigm-shifting discoveries by the laureates established key mechanistic principles for the biological clock. During the following years other molecular components of the clockwork mechanism were elucidated, explaining its stability and function. For example, this year's laureates identified additional proteins required for the activation of the period gene, as well as for the mechanism by which light can synchronize the clock.

Keeping time on our human physiology

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of our complex physiology. We now know that all multicellular organisms, including humans, utilize a similar mechanism to control circadian rhythms. A large proportion of our genes are regulated by the biological clock and, consequently, a carefully calibrated circadian rhythm adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day (Figure 3). Since the seminal discoveries by the three laureates, circadian biology has developed into a vast and highly dynamic research field, with implications for our health and wellbeing.

Figure 3. The circadian clock anticipates and adapts our physiology to the different phases of the day. Our biological clock helps to regulate sleep patterns, feeding behavior, hormone release, blood pressure, and body temperature.

Key publications

Zehring, W.A., Wheeler, D.A., Reddy, P., Konopka, R.J., Kyriacou, C.P., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C. (1984). P-element transformation with period locus DNA restores rhythmicity to mutant, arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 39, 369–376.

Bargiello, T.A., Jackson, F.R., and Young, M.W. (1984). Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila. Nature 312, 752–754.

Siwicki, K.K., Eastman, C., Petersen, G., Rosbash, M., and Hall, J.C. (1988). Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron 1, 141–150.

Hardin, P.E., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1990). Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. Nature 343, 536–540.

Liu, X., Zwiebel, L.J., Hinton, D., Benzer, S., Hall, J.C., and Rosbash, M. (1992). The period gene encodes a predominantly nuclear protein in adult Drosophila. J Neurosci 12, 2735–2744.

Vosshall, L.B., Price, J.L., Sehgal, A., Saez, L., and Young, M.W. (1994). Block in nuclear localization of period protein by a second clock mutation, timeless. Science 263, 1606–1609.

Price, J.L., Blau, J., Rothenfluh, A., Abodeely, M., Kloss, B., and Young, M.W. (1998). double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell 94, 83–95.

Jeffrey C. Hall was born 1945 in New York, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1971 at the University of Washington in Seattle and was a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1971 to 1973. He joined the faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham in 1974. In 2002, he became associated with University of Maine.

Michael Rosbash was born in 1944 in Kansas City, USA. He received his doctoral degree in 1970 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. During the following three years, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Since 1974, he has been on faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham, USA.

Michael W. Young was born in 1949 in Miami, USA. He received his doctoral degree at the University of Texas in Austin in 1975. Between 1975 and 1977, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University in Palo Alto. From 1978, he has been on faculty at the Rockefeller University in New York.

Illustrations: © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Illustrator: Mattias Karlén

The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind.

Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation